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**Design Considerations for Diesel Generator Systems**
**1. Design Ideas for Diesel Generators**
**1.1 Collection of Conditions Required for Design**
a. **Meteorological Conditions**: The rated capacity of the diesel generator is tested at 40°C. As long as the external environment does not exceed this temperature for extended periods, the generator can be designed based on its rated value.
b. **Altitude Conditions**: At higher altitudes, the performance of a diesel generator set may degrade due to lower air density. If used in plateau regions, it's advisable to avoid considering continuous load operation unless the system is specifically designed for such conditions.
c. **Water Quality Conditions**: Hard water can lead to scale buildup in the cooling system, reducing heat transfer efficiency and causing rapid temperature rises. In areas with hard water, it’s essential to pre-treat the circulating water to prevent scaling and ensure efficient cooling.
d. **Load Capacity and Other Factors**: Equipment capacity must meet current regulations, especially for critical loads classified as primary. Additionally, specific functional requirements from the construction party should be considered when calculating fire loads and general loads, which will determine the generator’s rated capacity.
**1.2 Determine the Type of Diesel Generator Use**
a. **Common Power Station**: Used during normal operations.
b. **Standby Power Station**: Activated during power outages.
c. **Emergency Power Station**: Provides power for critical loads like fire equipment, typically not used regularly.
**1.3 Preliminary Design**
- Estimate the diesel generator capacity. Based on practical experience, it can be estimated at 10% to 15% of the total transformer capacity. For example, a 4,000 kVA transformer could use a 500 kW diesel generator.
- Alternatively, calculate based on building area: 10–15 W/m² for buildings over 10,000 m², and 15–20 W/m² for smaller buildings. A 40,000 m² building might use a 630 kW unit.
- Create a main line schematic, including whether the generator operates in standalone or parallel mode, and whether important and fire loads are on separate bus sections. Emergency power switches should be mechanically locked with the system switch.
- Plan the layout of the generator room according to JGJ 16-2008 standards for civil building electrical design.
**2. Construction Drawing Design**
The process is similar to preliminary design but more detailed, with precise calculations and specifications for buses, motors, switches, and equipment. Drawings should include floor and section views, along with installation dimensions for the generator, cabinets, busbars, trenches, and grounding systems.
**2.1 Load Capacity Selection During Construction**
Rather than simply adding up all loads, it's better to separately calculate fire and non-fire loads. The larger of the two values determines the generator size. This approach ensures compliance with fire department and client requirements.
**2.2 Loads on Diesel Generators**
Typical loads include fire pumps, emergency lighting, security systems, and other critical equipment. Specifics vary depending on the project design task book.
**2.3 Capacity Calculation**
Follow JGJ 16-2008 guidelines for selecting generator capacity. Key considerations include economic power (75% of rated power), avoiding long-term operation below 50%, and ensuring proper fuel efficiency and reliability.
**2.4 System Design of Diesel Generator Sets**
Generators are often placed in basements. They may operate in single or multiple units. During emergencies, they supply power to critical equipment. Emergency bus sections must be isolated to ensure reliable power distribution.
**2.5 Applicable Environment for Diesel Generators**
Diesel generators should start within 15–30 seconds after a power failure. For very sensitive loads, an online UPS may be necessary to provide millisecond-level backup.
**2.6 Fuel Tank Setup**
A daily fuel tank of 3–8 hours’ operation is required. If the tank exceeds 1,000 L, it should be installed externally. A 15 m³ buried tank can support 24 hours of operation for two 1,200 kW generators.
**2.7 Equipment Control Requirements**
The control panel must have protection against short circuits, overloads, and voltage fluctuations. It should also monitor operational parameters and allow integration with building automation systems.
**2.8 Grounding of Diesel Generator Sets**
Three types of grounding are required: working, protective, and anti-static. All groundings should be connected to the building’s joint grounding system.
**2.9 Additional Design Considerations**
Short-circuit currents are typically 10 times the rated current. Motor capacities should not exceed 25% of the generator’s capacity to avoid overload issues.