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In plant factories, plants thrive: chlorophyll is actively engaged in photosynthesis, while carotenoids assist in the process. Photosensin works to straighten the hypocotyl "hook" and regulate stem and leaf growth. These pigments play a crucial role in the entire growth and development of plants.
It is known that different plant species contain various pigments, each absorbing specific wavelengths of light. For instance, chlorophyll primarily absorbs red and blue-violet light, while cryptochromes and photoreceptors are more sensitive to blue light. This means that companies must tailor their light spectra accordingly, developing customized lighting formulas based on the type of plant and its growth stage.
Different plant species have distinct spectral needs. While a single spectrum might not fully meet the requirements of all plants, the ratio of these wavelengths tends to follow certain patterns. Zhu Ming, Marketing Director at Luminus China, suggests that for general plant growth and flowering, a basic ratio like 1:3:1 or 1:4:1 (450 nm: 660 nm: 730 nm) can work well. For leafy greens such as lettuce, a simple combination of 450 nm and 660 nm (in a 1:4 ratio or higher) is usually sufficient. For flowering plants, he adds that white light can also be incorporated into the spectrum.
Luo Tie, a research and development engineer at Yimeixinguang (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd., emphasizes that for precise optimization, intelligent grow lights with adjustable spectra are often used. “The requirements are quite high,†he says. “For accurate optimization, it’s usually necessary to use smart plant lamps that allow for fine-tuned spectrum adjustments.â€
In recent years, discussions around plant lighting have been intense, with many companies entering the market and introducing various types of grow lights. However, China's LED plant lighting technology is still in its early stages, with challenges in core technologies, photobiology research, and the industrialization of LED light sources and intelligent control systems. High-precision spectral matching methods require further development and promotion.
Luo notes that factors like spectral matching, light intensity, and duration all significantly impact plant growth. While other elements like temperature, water, and air are also important, light remains the most critical factor in plant development.
Zhang Qiang, a senior engineer at Hongqiang Zhihui, highlights that when considering spectral ratios, it's essential to account for the light needs of different plant parts—such as roots, stems, and leaves. A lack of blue light during growth can hinder root development. For leafy plants, this may lead to weak roots, even if the leaves appear to grow normally. In such cases, the plant may look malnourished.
For rhizome plants, additional red light and some infrared light may be beneficial. However, excessive infrared exposure can cause the roots to become thin and weak.
LEDs are small in size and offer multiple wavelengths, making them ideal for plant lighting applications. They can be designed in various forms to suit different plant types, purposes, and growing conditions. Not only can the spectral ratio be adjusted, but the number of LEDs or electronic controls can also be used to precisely manage light intensity and total light output. With high efficiency and long lifespan, LEDs outperform traditional lighting solutions in many aspects.
Today, an increasing variety of plants—ranging from vegetables and fruits to flowers and medicinal herbs—are being cultivated in plant factories. The diversity of plant species presents greater challenges for spectral matching, but also creates new opportunities for advancing research in this field. Mastering core technologies and developing tailored spectral solutions is key for companies to succeed in the competitive plant lighting industry.